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The elderly are a special group because of the increased likelihood of comorbid conditions and altered body handling rather than as virtue of age alone. Choice therefore depends on individual patient factors. The following table lists some of the more commonly encountered situations adapted from The Maudsley guidelines, for instance, stop smoking. Petter T, Richter MA, Sandor P. Clinical features distinguishing patients with Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder from patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder without tics. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59: 4569. Pitman RK, Green RC, Jenike MA, Mesulam MM. Clinical comparison of Tourette's disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 116671. Polinsky RJ, Ebert MH, Caine ED, Ludlow C, Bassich CJ. Cholinergic treatment in the Tourette syndrome [letter]. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 1310. Polites DJ, Kruger D, Stevenson I. Sequential treatments in a case of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Br J Med Psychol 1965; 38: 4352. Popper CW. Combining methylphenidate and clonidine: pharmacologic questions and news reports about sudden death. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995; 5: 15766. Poungvarin N, Devahastin V, Viriyavejakul A. Treatment of various movement disorders with botulinum A toxin injection: an experience of 900 patients. J Med Assoc Thai 1995; 78: 2818. Prabhakaran N. A case of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome with some observations on aetiology and treatment. Br J Psychiatry 1970; 116: 53941. Primeau F, Fontaine R. Obsessive disorder with self-mutilation: a sub-group responsive to pharmacotherapy. Can J Psychiatry 1987; 32: 699701. Quinn N, Marsden CD. A double blind trial of sulpiride in Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47: 8447. Rauch SL, Baer L, Cosgrove GR, Jenike MA. Neurosurgical treatment of Tourette's syndrome: a critical review. [Review]. Compr Psychiatry 1995; 36: 14156. Realmuto GM, Main B. Coincidence of Tourette's disorder and infantile autism. J. Autism Dev Disord 1982; 12: 36772. Reccoppa L, Welch WA, Ware MR. Acute dystonia and fluoxetine [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51: 487. Regeur L, Pakkenberg B, Fog R, Pakkenberg H. Clinical features and long-term treatment with pimozide in 65 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49: 7915. Reveley MA, Bird R, Stirton RF, Dursun SM. Microstructural analysis of the symptoms of Tourette's syndrome and the effects of a trial use of transdermal nicotine patch [abstract]. J Psychopharmacol 1994; 8 Suppl: A30. Reynolds JEF, editor. Martindale: the extra pharmacopoeia. 31st ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 1996. Rickards EH. Nicotinr gum in Tourette's disorder [letter]. J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 417; discussion 418. Rickards H, Hartley N, Robertson MM. Seignot's paper on the treatment of Tourette's syndrome with haloperidol. Hist Psychiatry 1997; viii: 4336.
This refers to persons who spend most of their work sitting with regular upper body movements and those who spend much of their time on their feet but who carry only light loads. Not usually enough to cause shortness of breath. Example: Office workers, teacher, nurse, students, housewives without mechanical appliances, musicians, hawker, sales shop assistant, taxi bus driver, tailor, waiter, factory worker, machine operator, electrician, etc. Moderate activity This refers to persons whose jobs involve some lifting and carrying, shoveling etc, which will, at least several times a day, result in some shortness of breath and perspiration. Example: Carpenter, mechanics, plumber and some electrical workers; gardener farmer, cleaners, fishermen. Marked activity This applies to those in jobs consistently require them to carry lift heavy loads or move vigorously such they are regularly short of breath and perspiring or with regular daily physical exercise programs. Example: Labourer, construction worker, house painter, heavy industry machine operator, professional sports person, army cadet, etc. In general, LCDs containing 1, 000 to 1, 200 kcal day should be selected for most women; a diet between 1, 200 kcal day and 1, 500 kcal day should be chosen for men and may be appropriate for women who weigh 75 kg or more, or who exercise regularly. If the patient is unable to lose weight on 1, 500 kcal day diet, a 1, 200 kcal day diet may be tried. If a patient on either diet is hungry, the calorie intake can be increased by 100 to 200 kcal day. Please refer Appendix 6.1 for sample diets. ; Care should be taken to ensure that all of the recommended dietary allowances are met. The composition of the diet should be modified to minimise other cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension 30 ; . 6.3.2. Lower-Fat Diet Lower-fat diets provide 25 to 30% of calories from fat. They produce weight loss primarily by decreasing caloric intake. However, lower-fat diets with total caloric reduction produce greater weight loss compared with lower- fat diet alone 31 ; . Evidence Level A 6.3.3. Very Low-Calorie Diet VLCD ; VLCD 200 and 800 kcal day ; is often in a form of liquid nutritio nal supplement and results in the most rapid weight loss 32 ; . It appropriate only when the patient faces a major health risk and the physician has determined that such a diet can be used safely. It is reserved for patients who have BMIs 30 and have failed other approaches 33 ; Evidence Level B. This should be done under close medical supervision. VLCDs are not usually recommended for weight loss therapy because: It results in nutritional inadequacies unless it is supplemented with vitamins and minerals. It is not sustainable over long period, for instance, stop smoking aid. Each subject returned for a study of forearm vascular function before and 4 h after an oral fat load. Two weeks of washout followed. After crossover, they were restudied four weeks later. The same routine was performed for the final measurement. The subjects refrained from drinking caffeine-containing beverages, smoking and eating 12 h before each procedure. At each visit blood samples were drawn for laboratory determinations of triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations before and 4 h after an oral fat load, which consisted of 50 g fat per m2 body surface in the form of whipped cream 40% fat ; . Forearm vascular test. The ultrasound measurements were performed in the supine position at the elbow of the right arm using a vessel wall-movement system Wall Track System, Pie Medical, Maastricht, The Netherlands ; , which consists of an ultrasound imager with a 7.5-MHz linear array transducer connected to a data acquisition system and a personal computer. An optimal two-dimensional B-mode image of the brachial artery was obtained. An M line perpendicular to the vessel was selected. The ultrasound system was switched to M mode, after which storage of data started. The vessel movement detector system repeatedly registered end-diastolic vessel diameter during a period of five to six cardiac cycles. This procedure was performed three times. The measurements were averaged for the baseline diameter. By inflation of a blood pressure cuff for 4 min at a pressure of 100 mm Hg above the systolic blood pressure, ischemia was applied to the forearm distal to the location of the transducer. Ultrasonography continued for 3 min after cuff release with measurements at 30-s intervals. The widest lumen diameter was taken as a measure for maximal diameter. After 10 min of rest, allowing the artery to return to its baseline diameter, sublingual nitroglycerine spray was administered as an endothelium-independent dilator. Measurements were obtained for another 5 min, at 1-min intervals. Flow-mediated dilation and nitroglycerine-induced dilation were expressed as a percentage change relative to baseline diameter. Statistical analysis. Group values are expressed as mean SD. Due to failure of the normality test for FMD data, FMD values are expressed as median 25th to 75th percentile ; and statistical tests on ranks were used. Differences in FMD at baseline between the three treatment periods were tested with a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance on ranks. Differences in FMD before and after lipid load within one treatment session were tested with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Differences between changes in FMD before and after lipid load between the various treatment sessions were tested with one-way repeated measures analysis of variance. If variance ratios reached statistical significance, differences were analyzed with the StudentNewman-Keuls test for p 0.05. NUCARE PHARM. VA CMOP, DALLAS NUCARE PHARM. NUCARE PHARM. SOUTHWOOD PHARM DRX MYLAN PD-RX PHARM DISPENSEXPRESS, DRX SOUTHWOOD PHARM SOUTHWOOD PHARM PHYSICIANS TC. DIRECT DISPENSE PHYSICIANS TC. PHYSICIANS TC. SOUTHWOOD PHARM PHYSICIANS TC. SOUTHWOOD PHARM IVAX PHARMACEUT PAR PHARM. PAR PHARM. DISPENSEXPRESS, PHARMA PAC ALLSCRIPTS QUALITY CARE ALLSCRIPTS ALLSCRIPTS LIBERTY PHARM LIBERTY PHARM DISPENSEXPRESS, IVAX PHARMACEUT LIBERTY PHARM TEVA USA LIBERTY PHARM LIBERTY PHARM LIBERTY PHARM TEVA USA VA CMOP, DALLAS PHARM CORP AMER MYLAN DISPENSEXPRESS, SOUTHWOOD PHARM ALLSCRIPTS SOUTHWOOD PHARM SOUTHWOOD PHARM SOUTHWOOD PHARM SOUTHWOOD PHARM UDL SOUTHWOOD PHARM SOUTHWOOD PHARM SOUTHWOOD PHARM SOUTHWOOD PHARM SOUTHWOOD PHARM MYLAN SOUTHWOOD PHARM SOUTHWOOD PHARM SOUTHWOOD PHARM SOUTHWOOD PHARM and nortriptyline. Nicotine in chronic tobacco users and tobacco use may increase the number of the 4 2 receptor sites 5, 6 ; . Clinical significance of the 4 2 nAChR subtype has resulted in the development of noninvasive imaging methods using PET and SPECT of this receptor system. PET studies have been performed with 11C-nicotine. However, the moderate affinity of nicotine for the 4 2 receptors resulted in rapid clearance and, therefore, precluded its usefulness as a radiotracer 7 ; . Catalyzed by the discovery of epibatidine 8 ; , various PET and SPECT radioligands have been discovered 9 ; . In general, these include various epibatidine analogs and pyridylether analogs that have been radiolabeled with 11C, 18F, 76Br, or 123I Fig. 1 ; . Additional radioligands have been prepared in an effort to optimize in vivo imaging properties 10 12 ; . Toxicity issues and appropriate kinetics have slowed the progression of these radiotracers for human studies. Nonetheless, human SPECT studies have now begun with 5-123I-A85380, and PET studies have begun with 2-18F-A85380 and, more recently, with 6-18F-A85380 1316 ; . The PET and SPECT radioligands developed thus far for the 4 2 nAChR subtype have been agonists. It has been suggested that 4 2 nAChRs may occur in 4 possible conformations 17, 18 ; : a ; a resting state, when no agonist is present; b ; an activated state, when agonist is present and the ion channel is open; c ; a transiently desensitized state, when the ion channel is closed for small lengths of time i.e., seconds and d ; a desensitized state, when the ion channel is closed for longer periods of time. ACh is known to bind with different affinities to these different states e.g., ACh has higher affinity for desensitized states ; . It is unclear at this time whether antagonists also would have different affinities for the various states or whether their in vivo binding pattern would be different compared with that of the agonists such as 2-18F-A85380. It is likely that development of an antagonist imaging agent for the 4 2 receptor subtype may provide additional information of this receptor system.
He United Kingdom has a long tradition of training overseas doctors--that is, doctors who gained their primary qualification outside the European Economic Area. In this week's BMJ, Sridhar argues that the United Kingdom should radically revise its practices in relation to overseas doctors seeking training posts p 307 ; .1 Similar issues were raised in 1994.2 Doctors have travelled to other countries for training for many years. Doctors who travel overseas for postgraduate training represent only one feature of "medical migration, " which can be temporary or permanent and is a phenomenon that occurs worldwide for a variety of reasons. This migration is influenced by a number of factors, including a lack of training facilities and opportunities in the doctor's home country, high unemployment among health professionals in the home country, the shortage of doctors in some developed countries where there may be many posts that are hard to fill, and the availability of training placements in developed countries.3 "Medical migrants" make up a considerable proportion of the medical workforce in many developed countries and pamelor, because smoking cigars. We accept that there are minor risks but think that the current cigarette is the worst option available for supporting nicotine addiction.
In addition to developing products jointly with other companies, depomed is developing its own line of proprietary products based on off-patent and over-the-counter drugs and orap. On the contrary, in most people, nicotine might have harmful effects beyond those associated with smoking, says sulzer.

Quantities of nicotine will continue to be absorbed even after the lozenge has dissolved. Have successfully battled disease-breeding germs for years by using vaccines to pump up defending troops of proteins, known as antibodies, in the body. A dose of a polio vaccine, for example, creates antibodies that bind to the polio virus when it infiltrates the body, signaling for other special cells to come and quickly destroy it. The nicotine vaccine is designed to bind to nicotine in the body as if it were a germ and prevent it from reaching the brain's reward pathways. This interception could block the pleasurable effects that make a person want to continue to use tobacco. Following encouraging animal research, scientists have started testing nicotine vaccines in people. Early results from one group indicate that its vaccine is safe and suggest and orinase.
Defining Exercise.199 Allowing air in .200 Building strength .200 Finding flexibility .200 Benefiting from Exercise .201 Reducing health risks .202 Maintaining your muscles .203 Focusing on psychological fitness .203 Relieving pain.203, for example, smoking fish. Although there are many adjunctive approaches to cancer pain management, pharmacotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment. Limited data suggest that neuropathic pain is less responsive than nociceptive pain to opioids, but it is now accepted that patients with neuropathic VOLUME 4, NUMBER 2 and tolbutamide. Next - i went through many ivfs 8 ; but i could not get pregnent due to my thin lining, are there any new drugs that help increase the lining, because health. In previous research, Dr. Kandel had examined the intergenerational effects of drug use by following a cohort of New York State adolescents who were periodically reinterviewed over the course of 19 years. That research indicated that a mother's cigarette smoking had a greater effect than "The clearest message from the study is that mothers a father's on smoking among should not smoke during pregnancy, " says Dr. Trends in Adolescent Girl's Current Use of Cigarettes both sons and daughters. When analyses of different social Kandel. The study suginfluences could not identify the gests that nicotine, which reason for this maternal effect, crosses the placental barriDr. Kandel focused on one factor er, may affect the female that differentiated mothers from fetus during an important fathers--a mother's smoking period of development so during pregnancy. as to predispose the brain to the addictive influence In her most recent study, of nicotin3 more than a Dr. Kandel analyzed followup decade later, she says. interview data on 192 mothers Prenatal smoking by these mothers did not have a strong effect on their sons' smoking, but it is not clear why, says Dr. Kandel. Male hormones or structural differences of male and female brains may protect the developing male fetus from the nicotinf entering the brain, she says, but notes, "That is all very speculative." and their first-born adolescents from the New York State study. The children's mean age was 12 1 2. The analysis revealed that 26.4 percent of girls whose mothers smoked while pregnant had smoked in the last year. By comparison, only 4.3 percent of girls who were not prenatally exposed to niicotine had smoked in the last year. While more prenatally exposed boys had also smoked in the last year compared with boys whose mothers had not smoked during pregnancy, the difference was not statistically significant and olanzapine. Betterle et al. Autoimmune Adrenal Insufficiency TABLE 12. Immunological combinations in 13 patients with autoimmune AD and POF. Drug interactions of clinical significance for the dermatologist: recognition and avoidance and omeprazole. 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Achievements in public health, 19001999: tobacco useUnited States, 1900-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999; 48: 986-993. Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ, et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 2000. 3. West R, McNeill A, Raw M. Smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals: an update. Thorax. 2000; 55: 987-999. Burton SL, Gitchell JG, Shiffman S. Use of FDA-approved pharmacologic treatments for tobacco dependence: United States, 1984-1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000; 49: 665-668. Silagy C, Mant D, Fowler G, Lancaster T. Nixotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation [Cochrane Review on CD-ROM]. Oxford, England: Cochrane Library, Update Software; 2000; issue 2. 6. Fiore MC, Novotny TE, Pierce JP, et al. Methods used to quit smoking in the United States: do cessation programs help? JAMA. 1990; 263: 2760-2765.

Universities and related research-based entities. Prior to C-FAR working groups, there was a disconnect between publicly-funded research and our industry, " said Puzey. Every C-FAR member, from Organizational member to Affiliate member to Individual member, has the opportunity and is strongly encouraged to participate in C-FAR's working group process. An Organizational or Affiliate member can appoint a representative to participate in each of the five working groups. Individual members can choose which working group they would like to engage in. The working groups meet during the year to address issues and make decisions that are necessary for upholding the intent of the organization: from establishing research priorities and providing this information to the Illinois' research community to selecting projects funded through the External Competitive Grants Program to reviewing completed research to ensure that maximum value is being obtained from each research investment. "We are extremely proud that C-FAR members can be afforded the opportunity and responsibility of guiding our state's food and agricultural research programs through our working groups, " said Jim Charlesworth, board member and membership chair. "It is a very high calling that deserves the greatest consideration of our membership and ondansetron and nicotine, for instance, nicotine gum addiction.

Sion, and transmigration. Under normal conditions, leukocytes flow freely through blood vessels. When the inflammatory process is initiated, leukocytes migrate to the outer edges of the blood stream and roll along the vessel's surface endothelial cells in a slow, deliberate rolling motion Figure 1 ; . This process is mediated by selectins located on the leukocyte cell surface. Leukocyte rolling progresses quickly to firm adhesion to the vessel wall; this portion of the cascade is mediated by integrins. In the final step, transmigration, leukocytes migrate through the vessel wall to adjacent tissue, thereby bringing the inflammatory process into tissues and vital organs. The leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion cascade was demonstrated in the 1980's in a canine model of CPB.2 Prior to surgery, a lung biopsy showed leukocytes freely flowing within the pulmonary blood vessels. However, after 90 minutes of CPB, many leukocytes became adherent to the pulmonary vascular endothelium, and by 120 minutes, they had moved through the pulmonary blood vessel wall across the alveolar capillary membrane into the lung airspace.

How long does withdrawal from nicotine last Patients are increasingly suspicious of drug therapy and sometimes reluctant to accept lifesaving medications. How did we get into this predicament and how can we resolve this crisis? There is an imbalance of power between the agency and the regulated industry. The entire and zofran. Nicotine patch manufacturers recommend a treatment lasting 8 to 12 weeks. Clinical trials have shown that an 8-week treatment is just as effective as one lasting 12 weeks. However, if patients wish to continue the treatment, there is no danger in using the patches beyond 12 weeks; if people who smoke 10 cigarettes day or less use patches, it is preferable that they start treatment with a lower dose patch; smokers who are very addicted to cigarettes smoke more than 25 cigarettes day or have severe withdrawal symptoms when they stop ; can start the treatment using two patches, a 21 mg and a 7 mg patch. After 4 to 6 weeks, treatment can continue with the 21 mg patch; the patch should be placed every morning on a hairless part of the body between the neck and the waist; patients who have trouble sleeping can remove the patch before going to bed and apply a new one when they wake up in the morning; the most common reported side effect related to patch use is a skin rash at the site where the patch was applied. The rash usually disappears within 48 hours when the patch is stuck on at a different site every day. If rash persists, local treatment with hydrocortisone creme is usually sufficient. Treatment of cocaine and nicotine dependency. There is growing support in the literature for the use of anticonvulsants, both for detoxification and the management of subsePatients with anxiety or bipolar disorder who respond to quent anxiety symptoms. However, clinical experience has tiagabine generally do so at doses of 4-12 mg day. The generally been limited to outpatient treatment of mild to same dose range is recommended for the treatment of alcoWe now have a moderate alcohol withdrawal. Among the anticonvulsants hol withdrawal, although the useful upper limit to this used to treat alcohol withdrawal are valproate, gabapentin, variety of drugs that range has not been established. During treatment, response carbamazepine, and tiagabine. The efficacy of these drugs increase GABA levels to therapy may be assessed by the Clinical Institute in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal is probably Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, Revised CIWAin several different related to their GABAergic effects. To date, most of the AR ; .30 The latest, simplified version of this scale rates the studies of these agents have been small and or open-label, ways, from the highly severity of alcohol withdrawal using 10 clinical parameters, and large-scale controlled studies of anticonvulsants for specific mechanism such as anxiety, tremor, and nervousness. Each parameter acute alcohol withdrawal are clearly needed. The current is scored on a scale of 0 - 7 and patients generally require of tiagabine to the faculty has had some success with carbamazepine, while treatment only if the score is 10 or higher. Hospitalized noting that, because of its numerous interactions with patients are rated every eight hours by the nursing staff. other drugs, it is impractical to use in patients on multiple mechanisms of This scale can be used in a variety of clinical settings, drug regimens. There have been numerous case reports including detoxification units, psychiatric units, and general valproate. on the use of valproate for alcohol withdrawal suggesting medical surgical wards.30 It provides an objective measurethat the drug is helpful in decreasing seizures and other ment of the need for medication, of the need to increase withdrawal symptoms. Valproate was recently evaluated in 14-16 the dose, or if inpatient treatment might be required. While the three pilot studies of acute alcohol withdrawal. effect on alcohol-related outcomes was modest in these studies, valproate It was previously believed that after five to seven days of detoxification, did appear to be useful in decreasing the irritability and mood disturbances the brain returned to homeostasis. It is now understood, however, that associated with alcohol withdrawal. This effect is consistent with the mood-stabilizing benefits of the agent seen in the treatment of bipolar disorder. A major drawback of valproate in long-term therapy is weight gain, an adverse effect that appears to be dose-related. Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that has also shown efficacy in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders.17-20 It appears to act primarily by increasing the release of nonsynaptic GABA from glia.21 In a published case report, three patients with alcohol withdrawal were treated with gabapentin 400 mg tid for three days, 400 mg bid for one day, and 400 mg qd for one day.22 Withdrawal symptoms subsided and no adverse effects were observed. The anticonvulsant tiagabine also has shown efficacy in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety.23-28 Tiagabine has a highly specific mode of action: the selective inhibition of GABA reuptake at there is a protracted abstinence syndrome, with symptoms of anxiety, irritability, moodiness, and sleep disturbances. Even 12 to 18 months after drinking has ceased, patients may exhibit abnormal sleep patterns, with an absence of deep slow-wave Delta sleep. These patients have frequent awakenings, which may lead some to return to drinking or abuse sedative hypnotics in an effort to sleep. While not a hypnotic, tiagabine appears to normalize sleep architecture by increasing Stage 3 and Stage 4 Delta sleep. Patients report subjectively that the next day they feel more refreshed; they had a "deeper" night's sleep. The effect of a single oral dose of 5 mg tiagabine on sleep was studied in 10 healthy elderly subjects.31 During the placebo night, the subjects had high amounts of intermittent wakefulness and little slow-wave sleep. During the tiagabine night, the subjects had greatly improved sleep quality, with decreased wakefulness and increases in both slow-wave sleep and low-frequency activity on the EEG within non-REM sleep.

Dangers of nicotine gum addiction Comments terry keel r-austin ; , a texas state representative and former sheriff and prosecutor who is co-sponsoring medical marijuana legislation: you never hear the argument that are such serious drugs that their derivatives would be too dangerous for medicine. Walgreens nicotine gel Dr E. Esber, Associate Director for Research and Regulatory Coordination, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, M D, USA Temporary Ao'viser ; Dr D. Magrath, Chief. Biologicals, WHO: Geneva, Switzerland Secretary ; Dr P. L. Storring, Scientist, Department of Endocrinology, National lnstitute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts., England Temporary Adviser ; Dr W. G. van Aken, Medical Director, Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam, Netherlands Temporary Adviser ; Dr H. J. van de Donk, Head, Control of Bacterial Vaccines, National lnstitute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands Temporary Adviser, for instance, the smoking gun. By jon butt current radical mesothelioma treatments include chemotherapy treatments, radiation treatments, surgical treatments and experimental therapies and drugs and nortriptyline.

Bullock MD, Umen AJ, Culliton PD, Olander RT. Acupuncture treatment of alcoholic recidivism: a pilot study. Clin Exp Res 1987; 11: 292-5. Bullock ML, Culliton PD, Olander RT. Controlled trial of acupuncture for severe recidivist alcoholism. Lancet 1989; 1: 1435-9. Clavel-Chapelon F, Paoletti C, Banhamou S. Smoking cessation rates 4 years after treatment by nicotine gum and acupuncture. Prev Med 1997 Jan-Feb; 26 1 ; : 25-8. He D, Berg JE, Hostmark AT. Effects of acupuncture on smoking cessation or reduction for motivated smokers. Prev Med 1997; 26 2 ; : 208-14. Konefal J, Duncan R, Clemence C. Comparison of three levels of auricular acupuncture in an outpatient substance abuse treatment program. Altern Med J 1995; 2 5 ; : 8-17. Margolin A, Avants SK, Chang P, Kosten TR. Acupuncture for the treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients. J Addict 1993; 2: 194-201. White AR, Rampes H. Acupuncture in smoking cessation. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [database on CDROM]. Oxford: Update Software; 1997 [updated 1996 Nov 24]. [9p.]. The Cochrane Library; 1997 no. 2.

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